March 1st: Korea’s Independence Movement Day

March 1st, known as Samiljeol (삼일절) in South Korea, is one of the most significant national holidays in the country. It commemorates the March 1st Movement of 1919, a historic moment when the Korean people courageously stood up against Japanese colonial rule and demanded independence. This movement became a pivotal event in Korea’s fight for sovereignty and remains a powerful symbol of national pride and resilience.

(Left) Citizens shout "Manse" (Hurray!) in response to an independence demonstration held by students in Jongno, Seoul on March 1st. (Right) Students from Gyeongseong Girl's High School holding a demonstration.

The History Behind March 1st

Korea had been under Japanese rule since 1910, following the annexation by the Empire of Japan. The oppressive regime imposed strict policies that suppressed Korean culture, language, and identity. Amid growing dissatisfaction and inspired by the global wave of self-determination following World War I, a group of Korean intellectuals and students drafted a Declaration of Independence.

On March 1, 1919, the declaration was publicly read in Seoul, igniting nationwide protests. People from all walks of life, including students, farmers, and religious leaders, participated in non-violent demonstrations, calling for Korea’s independence. The movement quickly spread to other regions, with over two million Koreans joining the protests. These were Korea's Freedom Fighters.

However, the response from the Japanese government was brutal. Thousands of Koreans were arrested, tortured, and even killed in violent crackdowns. Despite the repression, the March 1st Movement laid the groundwork for Korea’s future independence. 

Ahn Jung Geun, Korean Independence Activist

One of the most well known activists is Ahn Jung Geun, best known for assassinating Ito Hirobumi, the first Japanese Resident-General of Korea, on October 26, 1909. He viewed Ito as a key figure in Japan’s colonization of Korea and sought to resist imperial rule. Captured and later executed in 1910, Ahn remains a symbol of Korean resistance and national pride. His legacy lives on through memorials, writings, and continued recognition of his commitment to Korean independence. His famous call for peace in East Asia and unity among nations still resonates today. One of his last records includes a calligraphy made while he was in prison. It reads, "國家安危勞心焦思," "(I) worry and agonize over the security of our country." 

Ahn's signature hand print can be seen on the bottom left of his calligraphic statement.

A march during one of the protests in Seoul (1919)

The Legacy of the March 1st Movement

Though independence was not immediately achieved, the movement played a crucial role in uniting the Korean people and fostering a spirit of resistance. The sacrifices of those who participated are honored today as a crucial part of Korea’s national identity.

In 1945, Korea finally regained its independence after Japan’s defeat in World War II. In 1949, March 1st was officially designated as a national holiday in South Korea. Each year, the country commemorates the day with ceremonies, reenactments, and speeches that pay tribute to the brave individuals who fought for Korea’s freedom.

During the 100th anniversary of the March 1st Movement (2019), portraits of famous independence activists were displayed at Seodaemun Prison History Hall in Seoul.  

How March 1st Is Celebrated Today

On this day, government officials, citizens, and descendants of independence activists gather at historical sites such as Tapgol Park in Seoul, where the initial declaration was read. The national flag, Taegeukgi (태극기), is prominently displayed, and events are held throughout the country to educate younger generations about the significance of the movement. The President of South Korea often delivers a speech reflecting on the importance of unity and national pride.

Many people also visit memorial halls and museums dedicated to independence activists, and in some regions, there are re-enactments of the protests to help people visualize the historical events. Schools and communities often hold discussions, exhibitions, and performances to honor those who fought for Korea’s freedom.

South Koreans re-enactment of the historic March 1st Movement during its 100 year anniversary in Seoul March 1, 2019.

Why March 1st Matters

March 1st is not just a remembrance of the past—it is a reminder of the enduring spirit of the Korean people. It signifies the values of courage, unity, and perseverance that continue to shape South Korea’s identity today. By honoring this day, Koreans reaffirm their commitment to democracy, independence, and peace.

As South Korea continues to thrive as a nation, March 1st serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made for freedom and the importance of preserving history for future generations.

This March 1st, we are celebrating with the return of our Ahn Handprint Tees, Hoodies, and Dad Hat as well as New garments featuring one of Ahn's messages. 

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